Research
& Literature
Read about the latest findings.
Find out the science of the latest research about Mastering Blood Flow Control:
All Studies
Controlled Blood Flow Training – BFR
Surgical
Review Studies
All Studies
Controlled Blood Flow Training – BFR
Surgical
Review Studies
Tourniquet cuff pressure during blood flow restriction exercise
Patrick Swain, James McEwen, Tom Lai, Luke Hughes;
Front. Sports Act. Living 7:1582387.
2025.
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Blood Flow Restriction Use by U.S. Physical Therapists: A Survey on Settings, Equipment, and Adverse Effects
Alyssa M. Weatherholt, William R. VanWye, Netra Patel, Lexi Humphrey;
International Journal of Exercise Science 18(5): 736-746.
2025.
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It’s time to regulate – The importance of accurate surgical-grade tourniquet autoregulation in blood flow restriction exercise applications
Luke Hughes, Patrick M. Swain, Tom Lai, James A. McEwen;
Physical Therapy in Sport, Volume 67.
2024.
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Blood flow restriction therapy: The essential value of accurate surgical-grade tourniquet autoregulation
Tom Lai, Luke Hughes, James A. McEwen;
CMBES Proc., vol. 45.
2023.
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Optimization of surgical tourniquet usage to improve patient outcomes
Michael E. Neufeld, James A. McEwen, Julie Kerr, Arsh Sidhu, Lisa C. Howard, and Bassam A. Masri;
Front. Surg. 10:1104603.
2023.
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Effectiveness of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Noé Labata-Lezaun, Luis Llurda-Almuzara, Vanessa González-Rueda, Carlos López-de-Celis, Simón Cedeño-Bermúdez, Joan Bañuelos-Pago, Albert Perez-Bellmunt;
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 103, Issue 9, 1848-1857.
2022.
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Overall Safety and Risks Associated with Blood Flow Restriction Therapy: A Literature Review
Kevin D. Anderson, Dawn M. G. Rask, Taylor J. Bates, Julia A. V. Nuelle;
Military Medicine, Volume 187, Issue 9-10, Pages 1059–1064.
2022.
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Postoperative Use of Blood Flow Restriction in Orthopedics
Andrew J. Curley, Christine M. Conroy, Robin V. West, Edward S. Chang;
Orthopedics. 2021;44(6):e694-e698.
2021.
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Limb occlusion pressure for blood flow restricted exercise: Variability and relations with participant characteristics
Heather A. Evin, Sean J. Mahoney, Matt Wagner, Colin W. Bond, Lisa N. MacFadden, Benjamin C. Noonan;
Physical Therapy in Sport, Volume 47.
2021.
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Investigation of clinically acceptable agreement between two methods of automatic measurement of limb occlusion pressure
Luke Hughes, James A. McEwen;
BMC biomed eng 3, 8.
2021.
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Effect of blood-flow restricted vs heavy-load strength training on muscle strength: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Birk Mygind Grønfeldt, Jakob Lindberg Nielsen, Rune Mygind Mieritz, Hans Lund, Per Aagaard;
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 30(5): 837-848.
2020.
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The effect of blood flow restriction exercise on exercise-induced hypoalgesia and endogenous opioid and endocannabinoid mechanisms of pain modulation
Luke Hughes, Stephen David Patterson;
J Appl Physiol 128: 914–924.
2020.
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Tourniquet-induced nerve compression injuries are caused by high pressure levels and gradients– a review of the evidence to guide safe surgical, pre-hospital and blood flow restriction usage
Bassam A. Masri, Andrew Eisen, Clive P. Duncan, James A. McEwen;
BMC biomed eng 2, 7.
2020.
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The Effects of Restriction Pressures on the Acute Responses to Blood Flow Restriction Exercise
Michael J. Ilett, Timo Rantalainen, Michelle A. Keske, Anthony K. May, Stuart A. Warmington;
Front. Physiol. 10:1018.
2019.
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Proximal, Distal, and Contralateral Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on the Lower Extremities: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Eric N. Bowman, Rami Elshaar, Heather Milligan, Gregory Jue, Karen Mohr, Patty Brown, Drew M. Watanabe, Orr Limpisvasti;
Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2019;11(2):149-156.
2019.
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Low-load blood flow restriction training induces similar morphological and mechanical Achilles tendon adaptations compared with high-load resistance training
Christoph Centner, Benedikt Lauber, Olivier R. Seynnes, Simon Jerger, Tim Sohnius, Albert Gollhofer, Daniel König;
J Appl Physiol 127: 1660–1667.
2019.
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High-pressure blood flow restriction with very low load resistance training results in peripheral vascular adaptations similar to heavy resistance training
J Grant Mouser, Kevin T Mattocks, Samuel L Buckner, Scott J Dankel, Matthew B Jessee, Zachary W Bell, Takashi Abe, John P Bentley and Jeremy P Loenneke;
Physiol. Meas. 40 035003.
2019.
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Comparing the Effectiveness of Blood Flow Restriction and Traditional Heavy Load Resistance Training in the Post-Surgery Rehabilitation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Patients
Luke Hughes, Benjamin Rosenblatt, Fares Haddad, Conor Gissane, Daniel McCarthy, Thomas Clarke, Graham Ferris, Joanna Dawes, Bruce Paton, Stephen David Patterson;
Sports Med 49, 1787–1805.
2019.
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Examination of the comfort and pain experienced with blood flow restriction training during post-surgery rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients: A UK National Health Service trial
Luke Hughes, Stephen David Patterson, Fares Haddad, Benjamin Rosenblatt, Conor Gissane, Daniel McCarthy, Thomas Clarke, Graham Ferris, Joanna Dawes, Bruce Paton;
Physical Therapy in Sport, Volume 39.
2019.
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Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy in Older Individuals
Christoph Centner, Patrick Wiegel, Albert Gollhofer, Daniel König;
Sports Med 49, 95–108.
2019.
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Blood Flow Restriction Exercise: Considerations of Methodology, Application, and Safety
Stephen D. Patterson, Luke Hughes, Stuart Warmington, Jamie Burr, Brendan R. Scott, Johnny Owens, Takashi Abe, Jakob L. Nielsen, Cleiton Augusto Libardi, Gilberto Laurentino, Gabriel Rodrigues Neto, Christopher Brandner, Juan Martin-Hernandez, Jeremy Loenneke;
Frontiers in Physiology. Vol 10.
2019.
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Why is it Crucial to Use Personalized Occlusion Pressures in Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) Rehabilitation?
James A. McEwen, Johnny G. Owens, Jeswin Jeyasurya;
J. Med. Biol. Eng. 39, 173–177.
2019.
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Personalizing Tourniquet Pressures – SBP-Based Estimation Methods are Unsafe, Unreliable, and Inconsistent
Julie Kerr, James A. McEwen;
CMBES Proc., vol. 42.
2019.
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Low load resistance training with blood flow restriction decreases anterior knee pain more than resistance training alone. A pilot randomised controlled trial
Vasileios Korakakis, Rodney Whiteley, Giannis Giakas;
Physical Therapy in Sport, Volume 34.
2018.
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Blood Flow Restriction Therapy After Knee Surgery
Nicholas N. DePhillipo, Mitchell I. Kennedy, Zachary S. Aman, Andrew S. Bernhardson, Luke O’Brien, Robert F. LaPrade;
Arthroscopy Techniques, Volume 7, Issue 10, 1037-1043.
2018.
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The Application of Blood Flow Restriction: Lessons From the Laboratory
Kevin T. Mattocks, Matthew B. Jessee, J. Grant Mouser, Scott J. Dankel, Samuel L. Buckner, Zachary W. Bell, Johnny G. Owens, Takash Abe, Jeremy P. Loenneke;
Current Sports Medicine Reports 17(4):p 129-134.
2018.
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Interface pressure, perceptual, and mean arterial pressure responses to different blood flow restriction systems
L. Hughes, B. Rosenblatt, C. Gissane, B. Paton, S.D. Patterson;
Scand J Med Sci Sport. 28:1757-1765.
2018.
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Effects of resistance training with blood flow restriction on haemodynamics: a systematic review
Gabriel R. Neto, Jefferson S. Novaes, Ingrid Dias, Amanda Brown, Jeferson Vianna, Maria S. Cirilo-Sousa;
Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. Vol 37, Issue 6:549-805.
2017.
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Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation
Luke Hughes, Bruce Paton, Ben Rosenblatt, Conor Gissane, Stephen David Patterson;
. Br J Sports Med. 51:1003–1011.
2017.
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The efficacy of blood flow restricted exercise: A systematic review & meta-analysis
Joshua Slysz, Jack Stultz, Jamie F. Burr;
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,
Volume 19, Issue 8.
2016.
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How Can Personalized Tourniquet Systems Accelerate Rehabilitation of Wounded Warriors, Professional Athletes and Orthopaedic Patients?
James A. McEwen, Jeswin Jeyasurya, Johnny Owens;
CMBES Proc., vol. 39, no. 1.
2016.
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Technique for Measuring Limb Occlusion Pressure that Facilitates Personalized Tourniquet Systems
Bassam A. Masri, Brian Day, Alastair S. E. Younger, Jeswin Jeyasurya;
J. Med. Biol. Eng. 36, 644–650.
2016.
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